Allergic rhinitis (AR), more commonly known as hay fever, is an allergic reaction that affects the nasal passages. It is triggered by airborne allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold, and pet dander. Symptoms typically include sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes, and coughing. These symptoms are caused when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances, producing histamine and other chemicals that lead to inflammation in the nasal lining.
AR is classified into two types:
1. Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (SAR): Triggered by outdoor allergens like pollen, often peaking during spring, summer, or fall.
2. Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR): Caused by indoor allergens such as dust mites, mold, and pet dander, and occurs year-round.
Diagnosis involves a detailed history and physical exam, often supplemented by skin prick tests or blood tests to identify specific allergens.
Treatment options for allergic rhinitis include:
> Avoidance of known allergens.
> Antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal corticosteroids to relieve symptoms.
> Immunotherapy (allergy shots) for long-term relief in severe cases.
AR can significantly impact quality of life, affecting work, school, and sleep. Effective management is key to minimising symptoms and preventing complications like sinus infections and asthma.
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